Mediation

We included the following 138 research reports in our review:

Abdul-Hadi-Jadallah, Alma. "Exploring United Nations Mediation Efforts in Yemen, 2011–2019" in Fraihat, Ibrahim; Svensson, Isak, ed. Conflict Mediation in the Arab World, Syracuse University Press, 2023, DOI: 10.2307/jj.7794637.13.

Aduda, Levke; Bussmann, Margit. "Mediation and the Dynamics of Civilian Victimisation in Intrastate Conflicts in Africa," Civil Wars, vol. 22, no. 1 (2020): 64-86, DOI: 10.1080/13698249.2020.1703078.

Afako, Barney. Between Revulsion and Realism: Policies and Dilemmas in Responding to the LRA, Institute for Integrated Transitions, 2020, https://ifit-transitions.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Uganda-Between-Revulsion-and-Realism-Policies-and-Dilemmas-in-Responding-to-the-LRA.pdf.  

Aguswandi; Large, Judith, ed. Reconfiguring politics: the Indonesia-Aceh peace process, Conciliation Resources, 2008, https://www.c-r.org/accord/reconfiguring-politics-indonesia-aceh-peace-process.

Ahmed, Khalid. "Revisiting the Role of Superpower Leverage in Resolving Secessionist Wars: The Case of Sudan," The World Research of Political Science Journal, vol. 6, no. 2 (2023), 125-140, https://digitalcommons.aaru.edu.jo/wrpsj/vol6/iss2/10/.

al-Abdeh, Malik; Hauch, Lars. Time to Change Track: Assessing the UNs Conflict Mediation Strategy for Syria from 2019 to 2023. CRU Report, Netherlands Institute of International Relations, Clingendael, 2023, https://www.clingendael.org/publication/assessing-uns-conflict-mediation-strategy-syria-2019-2023. 

al-Aloosy, Massaab. "Mediation between Sunni and Shi‘a Arabs in Iraq: Attempts, Assessment, and Adversity in Mediating after 2003" in Fraihat, Ibrahim; Svensson, Isak, ed. Conflict Mediation in the Arab World, Syracuse University Press, 2023, DOI: 10.2307/jj.7794637.21.

Babbitt, Eileen F. "Mediation and the Prevention of Mass Atrocities" in Serrano, Monica; Weiss, Thomas, ed. International Politics of Human Rights: Rallying to the R2P Cause?, Routledge, 2014.

Beardsley, Kyle; Cunningham, David E.; White, Peter B. "Mediation, Peacekeeping, and the Severity of Civil War," Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 63, no. 7 (2019): 1682-1709, DOI: 10.1177/0022002718817092.

Beber, Bernd. "International Mediation, Selection Effects, and the Question of Bias," Conflict Management and Peace Science, vol. 29, no. 4 (2012): 397-424, DOI: 10.1177/0738894212449091.

Bercovitch, Jacob. "Conflict Management and the Oslo Experience: Assessing the Success of Israeli–Palestinian Peacemaking," International Negotiation, vol. 2, no. 2 (1997), 217-235, DOI: 10.1163/15718069720847951.

Bercovitch, Jacob. "International Mediation and Dispute Settlement: Evaluating the Conditions for Successful Mediation," Negotiation Journal, vol. 7, no. 1 (1991), 17-30, DOI: 10.1111/j.1571-9979.1991.tb00599.x.

Bercovitch, Jacob. "Understanding Mediation's Role in Preventive Diplomacy," Negotiation Journal, vol. 12, no. 3 (1996), 241-258, DOI: 10.1111/j.1571-9979.1996.tb00098.x.

Bercovitch, Jacob; Anagnoson, J. Theodore; Wille, Donnette L. "Some Conceptual Issues and Empirical Trends in the Study of Successful Mediation in International Relations," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 28, no. 1 (1991): 17-7, DOI: 10.1177/0022343391028001003.

Bercovitch, Jacob; DeRouen, Karl, Jr. "Mediation in Internationalized Ethnic Conflicts: Assessing the Determinants of a Successful Process," Armed Forces & Society, vol. 30, no. 2 (2004): 147-170, DOI: 10.1177/0095327X0403000202.

Bercovitch, Jacob; DeRouen, Karl, Jr. "Managing Ethnic Civil Wars: Assessing the Determinants of Successful Mediation," Civil Wars, vol. 7, no. 1 (2005): 98-116, DOI: 10.1080/13698280500074453.

Bercovitch, Jacob; Diehl, Paul F. "Conflict management of enduring rivalries: The frequency, timing, and short term impact of mediation," International Interactions, vol. 22, no. 4 (1997): 299-320, DOI: 10.1080/0305062970843489.

Bercovitch, Jacob; Lamare, James W. "The Process of International Mediation: An Analysis of the Determinants of Successful and Unsuccessful Outcomes," Australian Journal of Political Science, vol. 28, no. 2 (1993), 290-305, DOI: 10.1080/00323269308402242.

Bercovitch, Jacob; Langley, Jeffrey. "The Nature of the Dispute and the Effectiveness of International Mediation," The Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 37, no. 4 (1993), 670-691, DOI: 10.1177/0022002793037004005.

Bercovitch, Jacob; Regan, Patrick M. "The Structure of International Conflict Management: An Analysis of the Effects on Intractability and Mediation," International Journal of Peace Studies, vol. 4, no. 1 (1999), 1-19, https://www.jstor.org/stable/41852865. 

Bereketeab, Redie. "The Collapse of IGAD Peace Mediation in the Current South Sudan Civil War: When National Interest Dictates Peace Mediation," Journal of African Foreign Affairs, vol. 4, no. 1/2 (2017), 147-164, https://www.jstor.org/stable/26664040.

Betts, Wendy. "Third Party Mediation: An Obstacle to Peace in Nagorno Karabakh," SAIS Review, vol. 19, no. 2 (1999), 161-183, https://www.jstor.org/stable/45345845.

Boban, Davor; Blažević, Iva. "The Failure of The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict Resolution: Shortcomings of Facilitative Mediation or an Unsuitable Mediator?," Croatian Political Science Review (Politička Misao), vol. 60, no. 2 (2023), 69-92, DOI: 10.20901/pm.60.2.04.

Böhmelt, Tobias. "Disaggregating Mediations: The Impact of Multiparty Mediation," British Journal of Political Science, vol. 41, no. 4 (2011), 859-881, DOI: 10.1017/S0007123411000135.

Böhmelt, Tobias. "The effectiveness of tracks of diplomacy strategies in third-party interventions," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 47, no. 2 (2010): 167-178, DOI: 10.1177/0022343309356488.

Borzova, Alla; Medina Gonzalez, Vinicio X. "The Role of Mediation in Resolving Conflicts Between Ecuador and Peru," Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, vol. 23, no. 2 (2023), 296-306, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372080910_The_Role_of_Mediation_in_Resolving_Conflicts_Between_Ecuador_and_Peru.

Breslawski, Jori; Cunningham, David; Fleishman, Madeline. "Regional Approaches to Conflict Prevention: The Effectiveness of Rhetorical and Diplomatic Tools," Conflict Management and Peace Science, vol. 41, no. 6 (2024), 627-648, DOI: 10.1177/07388942231209730.

Brubaker, Rebecca; with contributions from Akhilesh Upadhyay. Breaking the Mold: Lessons from Sixteen Years of Innovative UN Political Engagement in Nepal, International Peace Institute, 2021, https://www.ipinst.org/2021/02/lessons-from-sixteen-years-of-innovative-un-political-engagement-in-nepal. 

Carney, Timothy. Some Assembly Required: Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement. Special Report No. 194, United States Institute of Peace, 2007, Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20240921223445/https://www.usip.org/publications/2007/11/some-assembly-required-sudans-comprehensive-peace-agreement.

Cho, Jaeseok. "Lasting Peace: The Effects of Amnesty Accompanied by Power-Sharing Agreements,” PhD dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2023, https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/items/128522.

Chou, Shan-Jin. "Large-State Mediation: US Mediations in Good Friday Agreement and Abraham Accords," PhD dissertation, Tamkang University, 2023, Airiti Library, DOI: 10.6846/tku202300518.

Clayton, Govinda. "Oil, relative strength and civil war mediation," Cooperation and Conflict, vol. 51, no. 3 (2016): 325-344, DOI: 10.1177/0010836715610596.

Clayton, Govinda. "Relative rebel strength and the onset and outcome of civil war mediation," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 50, no. 5 (2013): 609-622, DOI: 10.1177/0022343313491587.

Clayton, Govinda; Dorussen, Han. "The effectiveness of mediation and peacekeeping for ending conflict," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 59, no. 2 (2022), 150-165, DOI: 10.1177/0022343321990076. 

Clayton, Govinda; Nygård, Håvard Mokleiv; Rustad, Siri A.; Strand, Håvard. "Costs and Cover: Explaining the Onset of Ceasefires in Civil Conflict," Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 67, no. 7-8 (2023), 1296-1324, DOI: 10.1177/00220027221129195.

Crescenzi, Mark J.C.; Kadera, Kelly M; Mitchell, Sara McLaughlin; Thyne, Clayton L. "A Supply Side Theory of Mediation," International Studies Quarterly, vol. 55, no. 4 (2011): 1069-1094, DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00681.x.

Cuhadar, Esra; Druckman, Daniel. "Let the People Speak! What Kind of Civil Society Inclusion Leads to Durable Peace?," International Studies Perspectives, vol. 25, no. 3 (2024), 359-381, DOI: 10.1093/isp/ekad019.

Cunningham, David E.; Bauer, Leo; Lloyd, Megan; Lansdale, Sloan. "Can Mediation Prevent Civil War in Self-Determination Disputes?" Working paper, Spring 2023, http://www.davidcunninghampolisci.com/uploads/4/2/9/7/42974855/cunningham_et_al_mediation.pdf.

De Maio, Jennifer; Favretto, Katja. "Diverse interests facilitate conflict mediation in international crises," Cooperation and Conflict, vol. 53, no. 1 (2018): 118-135, DOI: 10.1177/0010836717716723.

Dell'Aguzzo, Loretta. "Conditions for Successful Multiparty Mediation in Separatist Armed Conflicts: A Fuzzy-Set Analysis," Civil Wars, vol. 20, no. 1 (2018): 109-133, DOI: 10.1080/13698249.2018.1466091.

DeRouen, Karl, Jr.; Chowdhury, Ishita. "Mediation, Peacekeeping And Civil War Peace Agreements," Defence and Peace Economics, vol. 29, no. 2 (2018): 130-146, DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2016.1173439.

DeRouen, Karl, Jr.; Möller, Frida. "The Short-Term Effects of Mediation on Low-Intensity Civil Wars," Negotiation Journal, vol. 29, no. 4 (2013): 413-438, DOI: 10.1111/nejo.12035.

Diehl, Paul F; Owsiak, Andrew P; Goertz, Gary. "Managing the Dual Faces of International–Civil Militarized Conflict (I-CMC): The Interstate Dimension," Global Studies Quarterly, vol. 2, no. 3 (2022), ksac020, DOI: 10.1093/isagsq/ksac020. 

Doyle, Michael W.; Sambanis, Nicholas. "International Peacebuilding: A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis," The American Political Science Review, vol. 94, no. 4 (2000), 779-801, DOI: 10.2307/2586208.

Dudley, Rebecca. "The Use of U.S. Diplomatic Foreign Policy for Conflict Resolution," PhD dissertation, Duke University, 2023, https://hdl.handle.net/10161/29107.

Duursma, Allard. "African Solutions to African Challenges: Explaining the Role of Legitimacy in Mediating Civil Wars in Africa," International Organization, vol. 74 (2020): 295-330, DOI: 10.1017/S0020818320000041.

Duursma, Allard. "International Mediation in the Wake of a Failed Peace Agreement: Postagreement Mediation to Resolve the Civil War in Darfur" in Fraihat, Ibrahim; Svensson, Isak, ed. Conflict Mediation in the Arab World, Syracuse University Press, 2023, DOI: 10.2307/jj.7794637.15.

Duursma, Allard. "Making disorder more manageable: The short-term effectiveness of local mediation in Darfur," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 58, no. 3 (2020): 554-567, DOI: 10.1177/0022343319898241.

Duursma, Allard. "Non-state conflicts, peacekeeping, and the conclusion of local agreements," Peacebuilding, vol. 10, no. 2 (2022), 138-155, DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2032946. 

Duursma, Allard. "Not All Ceasefires Are Created Equal: The Role of Third Party Manipulation in Sudan’s Major Ceasefire Agreements," International Negotiation, vol. 26, no. 3 (2021), 423-452, DOI: 10.1163/15718069-BJA10024. 

Duursma, Allard. "Partnering to Make Peace: The Effectiveness of Joint African and Non-African Mediation Efforts," International Peacekeeping, vol. 24, no. 4 (2017): 590-615, DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2017.1345312.

Duursma, Allard. "Peacekeeping, Mediation, and the Conclusion of Local Ceasefires in Non-State Conflicts," Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 67, no. 7-8 (2022), 1405-1429, DOI: 10.1177/00220027221148132. 

Duursma, Allard. "When to Get Out of the Trench? Using Smart Pressure to Resolve Civil Wars," Civil Wars, vol. 19, no. 1 (2017): 46-64, DOI: 10.1080/13698249.2017.1342440.

Egel, Daniel; Johnston, Trevor; Rhoades, Ashley L.; Robinson, Eric. Building an Enduring Peace in Yemen: Lessons from Five Years of RAND Research, RAND Corporation, 2021, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research\_reports/RRA733-1.html. 

Favretto, Katja. "Should Peacemakers Take Sides? Major Power Mediation, Coercion, and Bias," American Political Science Review, vol. 103, no. 2 (2009): 248-263, DOI: 10.1017/S0003055409090236.

Fontana, Giuditta; Siewert, Markus B.; Yakinthou, Christalla. "Managing War-to-Peace Transitions after Intra-State Conflicts: Configurations of Successful Peace Processes," Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, vol. 15, no. 1 (2021), 25-47, DOI: 10.1080/17502977.2020.1770479.

Fortna, Virginia Page. "Scraps of Paper? Agreements and the Durability of Peace," International Organization, vol. 57, no. 2 (2003), 337-372, DOI: 10.1017/S0020818303572046.

Frazier, Derrick V.; Dixon, William J. "Third-Party Intermediaries and Negotiated Settlements, 1946-2000," International Interactions, vol. 32, no. 4 (2006): 385-408, DOI: 10.1080/03050620601011057.

Frimpong, Ruth Adwoa. "The Future of United Nations-African Union (UN-AU) Cooperation on Peace and Security: Lessons Learnt from the AU-UN Joint Mission in Darfur (UNAMID)" in Gilder, Alexander; Curran, David; Holmes, Georgina; Edu-Afful, Fiifi, ed. Multidisciplinary Futures of UN Peace Operations, Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2023, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-38596-4_7.

Gahungu, Remegie. "Who Are the Main External Actors in the Quest for Peace in South Sudan and Why Did They Fail to Achieve Peace in the Young State?" in Alusala, Nelson; Liaga, Emmaculate Asige; Rupiya, Martin Revai, ed. Conflict Management and Resolution in South Sudan, Routledge, 2023, DOI: 10.4324/9781003410249-8.

Gartner, Scott Sigmund; Bercovitch, Jacob. "Overcoming Obstacles to Peace: The Contribution of Mediation to Short-Lived Conflict Settlements," International Studies Quarterly, vol. 50, no. 4 (2006): 819-840, DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2006.00427.x.

Githua, Edgar. "Spoilers and Peace Agreements: The South Sudan Conflict (2013-2019)," Journal of Language, Technology & Entrepreneurship in Africa, vol. 14, no. 1 (2023), 29-47, https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jolte/article/view/248083.

Greig, J. Michael. "Helping without hurting: ameliorating the negative effects of humanitarian assistance on civil wars through mediation," International Interactions, vol. 47, no. 1 (2021), 79-106, DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2020.1814763. 

Guliyev, Farid; Gawrich, Andrea. "OSCE mediation strategies in Eastern Ukraine and Nagorno-Karabakh: a comparative analysis," European Security, vol. 30, no. 4 (2021), 569-588, DOI: 10.1080/09662839.2021.1900121.

Gurses, Mehmet; Rost, Nicolas; McLeod, Patrick. "Mediating Civil War Settlements and the Duration of Peace," International Interactions, vol. 34, no. 2 (2008): 129-155, DOI: 10.1080/03050620802043362.

Hoglund, Kristine; Svensson, Isak. "Mediating between tigers and lions: Norwegian peace diplomacy in Sri Lanka's civil war," Contemporary South Asia, vol. 17, no. 2 (2009): 175-191, DOI: 10.1080/09584930902870792.

Hudáková, Zuzana. "'Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick': The Threat of Sanctions in the UN Mediation Process in Yemen," Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, vol. 28, no. 2 (2022), 203-227, DOI: 10.1163/19426720-02802004.

Hudáková, Zuzana. "Success in the Shadow of Failure: UN Mediation in Yemen (2011–2015)," International Negotiation, vol. 27, no. 1 (2021), 71-102, DOI: 10.1163/15718069-bja10042.

Hultman, Lisa. "Mediation and the prevention of violence against civilians" in Wilkenfeld, Jonathan; Beardsley, Kyle; Quinn, David, ed. Research Handbook on Mediating International Crises, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019.

Ifediora, Obinna F. "Formulative Strategy: Why the African Union-led International Mediation in South Sudan Failed to Prevent Atrocity Crimes," International Studies Perspectives, vol. 22, no. 3 (2021), 301-320, DOI: 10.1093/isp/ekaa019.

International Crisis Group. South Sudan: Keeping Faith with the IGAD Peace Process. Africa Report No. 228. International Crisis Group, 2015, https://www.crisisgroup.org/rpt/africa/south-sudan/228-south-sudan-keeping-faith-igad-peace-process.

Juma, Monica Kathina. "African mediation of the Kenyan post-2007 election crisis," Journal of Contemporary African Studies, vol. 27, no. 3 (2009): 407-430, DOI: 10.1080/02589000903187016.

Kane, Sean William. "Making Peace When the Whole World Has Come to Fight: The Mediation of Internationalized Civil Wars," International Peacekeeping, (2020): 1-27, DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2020.1760718.

Kanyinga, Karuti. "Stopping a Conflagration: The Response of Kenyan Civil Society to the Post-2007 Election Violence," Politikon, vol. 38, no. 1 (2011): 85-109, DOI: 10.1080/02589346.2011.548672.

Kapshuk, Yoav; Deitch, Mora. "Religion, peace and justice: the effects of transitional justice on religious armed conflict resolution," Peacebuilding, vol. 11, no. 1 (2022), 78-103, DOI: 10.1080/21647259.2022.2065791.

Karreth, Johannes; Quinn, Jason; Joshi, Madhav; Tir, Jaroslav. "International Third Parties and the Implementation of Comprehensive Peace Agreements after Civil War," Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 67, no. 2-3 (2023), 494-521, DOI: 10.1177/00220027221113273.

Kartsonaki, Argyro; Wolff, Kartsonaki; Fontana, Giuditta. Mechanisms for Dialogue: A Contribution to Preventing Civil War Recurrence, US Institute of Peace, 2022, Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20230821131351/https://www.usip.org/publications/2022/11/mechanisms-dialogue-contribution-preventing-civil-war-recurrence.

Keels, Eric; Michael, Greig J. "Reputation and the occurrence and success of mediation in civil wars," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 56, no. 3 (2019): 410-424, DOI: 10.1177/0022343318811430.

Keels, Eric. "The Importance of Being Earnest (in Mediation): Rebel Group Structure, Leadership Turnover, and Success in Civil War Mediation," International Negotiation, vol. 24, no. 2 (2019): 266, DOI: 10.1163/15718069-24011171.

Kemper, Barbara. Mediation in Intrastate Conflicts: The Contribution of Track-Two Mediation Activities to Prevent Violence in the Aceh Conflict, Institute for Development and Peace, INEF, 2007, https://www.uni-due.de/imperia/md/content/inef/report88.pdf. 

Khadiagala, Gilbert M. "Mediating Civil Conflicts in Eastern Africa," Politeia, vol. 24, no. 3 (2005): 295-314, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235410658_Mediating_Civil_Conflicts_in_Eastern_Africa. 

Kishi, Roudabeh; Quinn, David; Wilkenfeld, Jonathan; Gelfand, Michele. "Mediator identity in intrastate African crises" in Research Handbook on Mediating International Crises, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019.

Koç, Ezgi Nur. "Kenya and Guinea: Preventive Strategies in R2P" in Gözen Ercan, Pinar, ed. The Responsibility to Protect Twenty Years On: Rhetoric and Implementation, Springer International Publishing, 2022.

Kuperman, Alan J. "How Humanitarian Intervention Can Succeed: Liberia’s Lessons for the R2P," Civil Wars, vol. 26, no. 4 (2024), 595-629, DOI: 10.1080/13698249.2023.2196180.

Kuperman, Alan J. "The Other Lesson of Rwanda: Mediators Sometimes Do More Damage," SAIS Review, vol. 16, no. 1 (1996), https://muse.jhu.edu/article/30296. 

Kuperman, Alan J. "Moral hazard in Sudan’s ‘Two Areas’ – humanitarianism that perpetuates civil war," Conflict, Security & Development, vol. 22, no. 1 (2022), 47-77, DOI: 10.1080/14678802.2022.2034367.

Kuperman, Alan J. "Muscular Mediation and Ripeness Theory," Ethnopolitics, vol. 21, no. 2 (2021), 163-177, DOI: 10.1080/17449057.2022.2004777.

Lehrs, Lior. "Interlocking Peace Processes: Between Competing and Complementing Peacemaking Efforts in Interlocking Conflicts," Cooperation and Conflict, vol. 58, no. 4 (2023), 485-501, DOI: 10.1177/00108367221145828.

Lukichev, Vladimir. Armed Conflict in Ukraine - Chronological Timeline of Implementation of the Minsk Agreements, DCAF – Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance, 2022, https://www.dcaf.ch/armed-conflict-ukraine-chronological-timeline-implementation-minsk-agreements. 

Lundgren, Magnus; Svensson, Isak. "Leanings and Dealings: Exploring Bias and Trade Leverage in Civil War Mediation by International Organizations," International Negotiation, vol. 19, no. 2 (2014): 315-342, DOI: 10.1163/15718069-12341280.

Lundgren, Magnus. "Causal mechanisms in civil war mediation: Evidence from Syria," European Journal of International Relations, vol. 26, no. 1 (2020): 209-235, DOI: 10.1177/1354066119856084.

Lundgren, Magnus. "Mediation in Syria: initiatives, strategies, and obstacles, 2011-2016," Contemporary Security Policy, vol. 37, no. 2 (2016): 273-288, DOI: 10.1080/13523260.2016.1192377.

Lundgren, Magnus. "Which type of international organizations can settle civil wars?," The Review of International Organizations, vol. 12 (2017): 613-641, DOI: 10.1007/s11558-016-9253-0.

Mancini, Francesco; Vericat, José. Lost in Transition: UN Mediation in Libya, Syria, and Yemen, International Peace Institute, 2016, https://www.ipinst.org/2016/11/lost-in-transition-un-mediation-in-libya-syria-and-yemen.

Marandici, Ion. "Structural bias, polarized mediation and conflict resolution failure: a comparative examination of the disputes in Transnistria and Donbas," Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, vol. 23, no. 1 (2022), 89-113, DOI: 10.1080/14683857.2022.2101188.

Massey, Simon. "Multi-party Mediation in the Guinea-Bissau Civil War" in May, Roy; Furley, Oliver, ed. Ending Africa's Wars: Progressing to Peace, Routledge, 2006.

Mazov, Sergei V. "The Peacekeeping Role of the Organization of African Unity During the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970," Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, vol. 23, no. 2 (2023), 372-392, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372082929_The_Peacekeeping_Role_of_the_Organization_of_African_Unity_During_the_Nigerian_Civil_War_1967-1970.

Mehrl, Marius; Böhmelt, Tobias. "How mediator leadership transitions influence mediation effectiveness," Conflict Management and Peace Science, vol. 38, no. 1 (2020): 45-62, DOI: 10.1177/0738894220916833.

Menninga, Elizabeth J. "Bias and Balance in Civil War Mediation," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 61, no. 4 (2024), 627-642, DOI: 10.1177/00223433231156959.

Mullojanov, Parviz. Tajikistan’s Peace Process: The Role of Track 2 Diplomacy and Lessons for Afghanistan. Special Report No. 518, United States Institute of Peace, 2023, Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20241011183542/https://www.usip.org/publications/2023/04/tajikistans-peace-process-role-track-2-diplomacy-and-lessons-afghanistan.

Munck, Gerardo L.; Kumar, Chetan. "Civil Conflicts and the Conditions for Successful International Intervention: A Comparative Study of Cambodia and El Salvador," Review of International Studies, vol. 21, no. 2 (1995), 159-181, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20097404.

Murray, Elizabeth; Susan Stigant, eds. National Dialogues in Peacebuilding and Transitions: Creativity and Adaptive Thinking, US Institute of Peace, 2021, Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20221201030752/https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/06/national-dialogues-peacebuilding-and-transitions-creativity-and-adaptive. 

Nathan, Laurie. "The Impossible Mandate for Mediation: Exclusionary Approaches to Conflict Resolution in Libya, Syria, and Yemen" in Fraihat, Ibrahim; Svensson, Isak, ed. Conflict Mediation in the Arab World, Syracuse University Press, 2023, DOI: 10.2307/jj.7794637.9.

Novosseloff, Dr. Alexandra. Assessing the Effectiveness of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) and The Office of the Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on Cyprus (OSASG), Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 2021, https://www.nupi.no/en/publications/cristin-pub/assessing-the-effectiveness-of-the-united-nations-peacekeeping-force-in-cyprus-unficyp-and-the-office-of-the-special-adviser-to-the-secretary-ge2.

Olson Lounsbery, Marie; DeRouen Jr., Karl. "Are Non-Inclusive Peace Agreements Effective Counter-Insurgency Strategies?," International Peacekeeping, vol. 31, no. 2 (2024), 235-259, DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2023.2276699.

Olson Lounsbery, Marie; DeRouen, Karl, Jr. "The viability of civil war peace agreements," Civil Wars, vol. 18, no. 3 (2016): 311-337, DOI: 10.1080/13698249.2016.1215637.

Olson, Marie; Pearson, Frederic S. "Civil war characteristics, mediators, and resolution," Conflict Resolution Quarterly, vol. 19, no. 4 (2007): 421-445, DOI: 10.1002/crq.3890190404.

Osadola, Oluwaseun; Gbadeyan, Olawale; Asiyanbi, Serifat; Oludemi, Soboyejo. "A Historical Analysis of the Mediation Efforts of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) during the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970," Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture, vol. 33, no. S3 (2023), 2842–2863, https://www.namibian-studies.com/index.php/JNS/article/view/2669/1852.

Osborn, Barrett J. "Peacekeeping and Peace Kept: Third Party Interventions and Recurrences of Civil War," PhD dissertation, University of Kentucky, 2013, https://uknowledge.uky.edu/polysci_etds/7/.

Pospieszna, Paulina; DeRouen, Karl, Jr. "Civil War Mediation and Rebel Use of Violence Against Civilians," Armed Forces and Society, vol. 43, no. 3 (2017): 500-522, DOI: 10.1177/0095327X16647538.

Pou, Sothirak; Murg, Bradley; Pich, Charadine. The Paris Peace Agreements in 2021: Looking Back and Moving Forward, Stimson Center, 2021, https://www.stimson.org/2021/the-paris-peace-agreements-in-2021-looking-back-and-moving-forward/. 

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