Peace Operations

We included the following 129 research reports in our review:

Abdulhamid, Nafisa A. "Protecting Civilians in Armed Conflict: The Case of the African Union Mission in Somalia," 2021, https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/bitstream/handle/10222/80685/NafisaAbdulhamid2021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

Adebajo, Adekeye; Landsberg, Chris. "Back to the future: UN peacekeeping in Africa," International Peacekeeping, vol. 7, no. 4 (2007): 161-188, DOI: 10.1080/13533310008413869.

Almuslem, Abdulaziz G. "Post Conflict Justice, Peacekeeping, and Civil Conflict Recurrence," International Peacekeeping, vol. 27, no. 3 (2020): 467-509, DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2020.1744440.

Amnesty International. Mandated to Protect, Equipped to Succeed? Strengthening Peacekeeping in Central African Republic, Amnesty International Publications, 2016, https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr19/3263/2016/en/. 

Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project. “ACLED Working Paper No. 9: Peacekeeping and Civilian Protection,” 2015, http://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep03812. 

Bamidele, Oluwaseun. "The Challenges of Peacekeeping in Africa: A Revisit," Strategic Review for Southern Africa, vol. 35, no. 2 (2013): 117-134, https://www.proquest.com/openview/2243d585d8f5a5974aa2f887d919dfee/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=616415. 

Bara, Corinne; Hultman, Lisa. "Just Different Hats? Comparing UN and Non-UN Peacekeeping," International Peacekeeping, vol. 27, no. 3 (2020): 341-368, DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2020.1737023.

Bara, Corinne. "Shifting targets: the effect of peacekeeping on postwar violence," European Journal of International Relations, vol. 26, no. 4 (2020): 979-1003, DOI: 10.1177/1354066120902503.

Beardsley, Kyle; Cunningham, David E.; White, Peter B. "Mediation, Peacekeeping, and the Severity of Civil War," Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 63, no. 7 (2019): 1682-1709, DOI: 10.1177/0022002718817092.

Beardsley, Kyle; Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede. Peacekeeping as Conflict Containment, University of Essex & Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO), 2015, http://repository.essex.ac.uk/13733/1/Beardsley_Gleditsch_ISR_12-18-14.pdf. 

Beardsley, Kyle. "Peacekeeping and the Contagion of Armed Conflict," The Journal of Politics, vol. 73, no. 4 (2011): 1051-1064, DOI: 10.1017/s0022381611000764.

Beardsley, Kyle. "The UN at the peacemaking–peacebuilding nexus," Conflict Management and Peace Science, vol. 30, no. 4 (2013): 369-386, DOI: 10.1177/0738894213491354.

Beardsley, Kyle. "UN intervention and the duration of international crises," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 49, no. 2 (2012): 335-349, DOI: 10.1177/0022343311431599.

Bove, Vincenzo; Ruggeri, Andrea. "Kinds of Blue: Diversity in UN Peacekeeping Missions and Civilian Protection," British Journal of Political Science, vol. 46 (2016): 681-700, DOI: 10.1017/S0007123415000034.

Bove, Vincenzo; Ruggeri, Andrea. "Peacekeeping Effectiveness and Blue Helmets' Distance from Locals," Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 63, no. 7 (2019): 1630-1655, DOI: 10.1177/0022002719826115.

Bratt, Duane. "Assessing the success of UN peacekeeping operations," International Peacekeeping, vol. 3, no. 4 (2007): 64-81, DOI: 10.1080/13533319608413640.

Bratt, Duane. "Explaining peacekeeping performance: The UN in internal conflicts," International Peacekeeping, vol. 4, no. 3 (1997): 45-70, DOI: 10.1080/13533319708413678.

Brattberg, Erik. "Revisiting UN Peacekeeping in Rwanda and Sierra Leone," Peace Review, vol. 24, no. 2 (2012): 156-162, DOI: 10.1080/10402659.2012.677325.

Breslawski, Jori; Cunningham, David E.; Fleishman, Madeline. "Regional Organizations and Conflict Management," 2022, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4239908. 

Brosig, Malte; Sempijja, Norman. "Does Peacekeeping Reduce Violence? Assessing Comprehensive Security of Contemporary Peace Operations in Africa," Stability: International Journal of Security & Development, vol. 7, no. 1 (2018): 1-23, https://www.stabilityjournal.org/articles/10.5334/sta.576/. 

Brubaker, Rebecca; with contributions from Akhilesh Upadhyay. Breaking the Mold: Lessons from Sixteen Years of Innovative UN Political Engagement in Nepal, International Peace Institute, 2021, https://www.ipinst.org/2021/02/lessons-from-sixteen-years-of-innovative-un-political-engagement-in-nepal. 

Bsisu, Naji; Murdie, Amanda. "Interventions and repression following civil conflict," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 59, no. 2 (2022), 213-228, DOI: 10.1177/00223433211010857.

Caplan, Richard; Hoeffler, Anke. "Why peace endures: an analysis of post-conflict stabilisation," European Journal of International Security, vol. 2, no. 2 (2017): 133-152, DOI: 10.1017/eis.2017.2.

Carnegie, Allison; Mikulaschek, Christoph. "The Promise of Peacekeeping: Protecting Civilians in Civil Wars," 2017, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2909822. 

Cinq-Mars, Evan. “Too little, too late: Failing to prevent atrocities in the Central African Republic. Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect,” Occasional Paper Series, no. 7, 2015, http://www.globalr2p.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/OccasionalPaper_CAR_Final.pdf. 

Clayton, Govinda; Dorussen, Han. "The effectiveness of mediation and peacekeeping for ending conflict," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 59, no. 2 (2022), 150-165, DOI: 10.1177/0022343321990076.

Collier, Paul; Hoeffler, Anke; Soderbom, Mans. "Post-Conflict Risks," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 45, no. 4 (2008): 461-478, DOI: 10.1177/0022343308091356.

Conley, Bridget; Hazlett, Chad. "How very massive atrocities end: A dataset and typology," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 58, no. 3 (2021), 612-620, DOI: 10.1177/0022343319900912.

Costalli, Stefano. "Does Peacekeeping Work? A Disaggregated Analysis of Deployment and Violence Reduction in the Bosnian War," British Journal of Political Science, vol. 44, no. 2 (2014): 357-380, DOI: 10.1017/S0007123412000634.

David Mason, T.; Gurses, Mehmet; Brandt, Patrick T.; Michael Quinn, Jason. "When Civil Wars Recur: Conditions for Durable Peace after Civil Wars," International Studies Perspectives, vol. 12, no. 2 (2011): 171-189, DOI: 10.111l/j.1528-3585.2011.00426.x. 

Day, Adam; Hunt, Charles T. "Distractions, Distortions and Dilemmas: The Externalities of Protecting Civilians in United Nations Peacekeeping," Civil Wars, vol. 24, no. 1 (2022), 97-116, DOI: 10.1080/13698249.2022.1995680.

Deltenre, Damien; Liegeois, Michel. "Filling a Leaking Bathtub? Peacekeeping in Africa and the Challenge of Transnational Armed Rebellions," African Security, vol. 9, no. 1 (2016): 1-20, DOI: 10.1080/19392206.2016.1132902.

DeRouen, Karl, Jr.; Chowdhury, Ishita. "Mediation, Peacekeeping And Civil War Peace Agreements," Defence and Peace Economics, vol. 29, no. 2 (2018): 130-146, DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2016.1173439.

Di Salvatore, Jessica; Lundgren, Magnus; Oksamytna, Kseniya; Smidt, Hannah M. "Introducing the Peacekeeping Mandates (PEMA) Dataset," Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 66, no. 4-5 (2022), 924-951, DOI: 10.1177/00220027211068897.

Di Salvatore, Jessica; Polo, Sara M. T.; Ruggeri, Andrea. "Do UN peace operations lead to more terrorism? Repertoires of rebel violence and third-party interventions," European Journal of International Relations, vol. 28, no. 2 (2022), 361-385, DOI: 10.1177/13540661211072714.

Di Salvatore, Jessica. "Obstacle to Peace? Ethnic Geography and Effectiveness of Peacekeeping," British Journal of Political Science, vol. 50 (2018): 1089-1109, DOI: 10.1017/S0007123418000200.

Diehl, Paul F; Owsiak, Andrew P; Goertz, Gary. "Managing the Dual Faces of International–Civil Militarized Conflict (I-CMC): The Interstate Dimension," Global Studies Quarterly, vol. 2, no. 3 (2022), DOI: 10.1093/isagsq/ksac020.

Doyle, Michael W; Sambanis, Nicholas. "The UN Record on Peacekeeping Operations," International Journal, vol. 62, no. 3 (2007): 495-518, DOI: 10.1177/002070200706200304.

Duursma, Allard. "Peacekeeping, Mediation, and the Conclusion of Local Ceasefires in Non-State Conflicts," Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 67, no. 7-8 (2022), 1405-1429, DOI: 10.1177/00220027221148132.

Duursma, Allard. "Pinioning the Peacekeepers: Sovereignty, Host-State Resistance against Peacekeeping Missions, and Violence against Civilians," International Studies Review, vol. 23, no. 3 (2021), 670-695, DOI: 10.1093/isr/viaa063.

Dworschak, Christoph; Cil, Deniz. "Force Structure and Local Peacekeeping Effectiveness: Micro-Level Evidence on UN Troop Composition," International Studies Quarterly, vol. 66, no. 4 (2022), sqac072, DOI: 10.1093/isq/sqac072.

Fjelde, Hanne; Höglund, Kristine. "Introducing the Deadly Electoral Conflict Dataset (DECO)," Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 66, no. 1 (2022), 162-185, DOI: 10.1177/00220027211021620.

Fjelde, Hanne; Hultman, Lisa; Nilsson, Desirée. "Protection Through Presence: UN Peacekeeping and the Costs of Targeting Civilians," International Organization, vol. 73, no. 1 (2019): 103-131, DOI: 10.1017/S0020818318000346.

Fjelde, Hanne; Smidt, Hannah. "Protecting the Vote? Peacekeeping Presence and the Risk of Electoral Violence," British Journal of Political Science, vol. 52, no. 3 (2022), 1113–1132, DOI: 10.1017/S0007123421000132.

Fortna, Virginia Page. "Does peacekeeping keep peace? International intervention and the duration of peace after civil war," International Studies Quarterly, vol. 48, no. 2 (2004): 269-292, https://www.jstor.org/stable/3693574. 

Fortna, Virginia Page. "Inside and out: Peacekeeping and the duration of peace after civil and interstate wars," International Studies Review, vol. 5, no. 4 (2003): 97-114, https://www.jstor.org/stable/3186397. 

Fortna, Virginia Page. "Interstate peacekeeping: Causal mechanisms and empirical effects," World Politics, vol. 56, no. 4 (2004): 481-519, DOI: 10.1353/wp.2005.0004. 

Frazier, Derrick V.; Dixon, William J. "Third-Party Intermediaries and Negotiated Settlements, 1946-2000," International Interactions, vol. 32, no. 4 (2006): 385-408, DOI: 10.1080/03050620601011057. 

Furnari, Ellen. "Relationships Are Critical for Peacekeeping," Peace Review, vol. 27, no. 1 (2015): 25-30, DOI: 10.1080/10402659.2015.1000187. 

Gilligan, Michael J; Sergenti, Ernest J. "Do UN Interventions Cause Peace? Using Matching to Improve Causal Inference," Quarterly Journal of Political Science, (2008): 1-42, DOI: 10.1561/100.00007051.

Goldring, Edward; Hendricks, Michael. "Help is close at hand? Proximity and the effectiveness of peacekeepers," Research and Politics, (2018): 1-9, DOI: 10.1177/2053168018805612.

Gray, Felicity. "Protection as connection: feminist relational theory and protecting civilians from violence in South Sudan," Journal of Global Ethics, vol. 18, no. 1 (2022), 152-170, DOI: 10.1080/17449626.2022.2052152.

Greig, J. Michael; Diehl, Paul F. "The Peacekeeping-Peacemaking Dilemma," International Studies Quarterly, vol. 49, no. 4 (2005): 621-645, DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2005.00381.x.

Haass, Felix; Ansorg, Nadine. "Better peacekeepers, better protection? Troop quality of United Nations peace operations and violence against civilians," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 55, no. 6 (2019): 742-758, DOI: 10.1177/0022343318785419.

Heldt, Birger; Wallensteen, Peter. Peacekeeping Operations: Global Patterns of Intervention and Success, 1948-2004. Folke Bernadotte Academy Publications, Third Edition, 2007.

Heldt, Birger. "Are Intrastate Peacekeeping Operations Less Likely to Succeed? Some Statistical Evidence," IRI Review, vol. 5 (2002): 111-137, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2248388. 

Heldt, Birger. "Conditions for Successful Intrastate Peacekeeping Missions," The Cornwallis Group VI: Analysis for Assessment, Evaluation, and Crisis Management, 2002, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2247748. 

Howe, Herbert. "Lessons of Liberia: ECOMOG and Regional Peacekeeping," International Security, vol. 21, no. 3 (1996-1997): 145-176, DOI: 10.2307/2539276. 

Hultman, Lisa; Kathman, Jacob D.; Shannon, Megan. "United Nations peacekeeping dynamics and the duration of post-civil conflict peace," Conflict Management and Peace Science, vol. 33, no. 3 (2016): 231-249, DOI: 10.1177/0738894215570425.

Hultman, Lisa; Kathman, Jacob; Shannon, Megan. "Beyond Keeping Peace: United Nations Effectiveness in the Midst of Fighting," American Political Science Review, vol. 108, no. 4 (2014): 737-753, DOI: 10.1017/S00030554. 

Hultman, Lisa; Kathman, Jacob; Shannon, Megan. "United Nations Peacekeeping and Civilian Protection in Civil War," American Journal of Political Science, vol. 57, no. 4 (2013): 875-891, DOI: 10.1111/ajps.12036.

Hultman, Lisa; Nygård, Håvard Mokleiv; Hegre, Håvard. "Evaluating the Conflict-Reducing Effect of UN Peacekeeping Operations," Journal of Politics, vol. 81, no. 1 (2019): 215-232, DOI: 10.1086/700203. 

Hultman, Lisa. "Keeping Peace or Spurring Violence? Unintended Effects of Peace Operations on Violence against Civilians," Civil Wars, vol. 12, no. 1-2 (2010): 29-46, DOI: 10.1080/13698249.2010.484897.

International Peace Institute, Pursuing Coordination and Integration for the Protection of Civilians, 2019, https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/1902_Pursuing-Coordination.pdf. 

Johansson, Karin; Hultman, Lisa. "UN Peacekeeping and Protection from Sexual Violence," The Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 63, no. 7 (2019): 1656-1681, DOI: 10.1177/0022002718785003.

Joshi, Madhav. "United Nations Peacekeeping, Democratic Process, and the Durability of Peace after Civil Wars," International Studies Perspectives, vol. 14, no. 3 (2013): 362-382, DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-3585.2012.00499.x.

Kane, Sean William. "Making Peace When the Whole World Has Come to Fight: The Mediation of Internationalized Civil Wars," International Peacekeeping, vol. 29, no. 2 (2022), 177-203, DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2020.1760718.

Kathman, Jacob D.; Wood, Reed M. "Stopping the Killing During the “Peace”: Peacekeeping and the Severity of Postconflict Civilian Victimization," Foreign Policy Analysis, vol. 12 (2012): 149-169, DOI: 10.1111/fpa.12041.

Kathman, Jacob; Benson, Michelle. "Cut Short? United Nations Peacekeeping and Civil War Duration to Negotiated Settlements," Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 63, no. 7 (2019): 1601-1629, DOI: 10.1177/0022002718817104.

Kim, Wukki; Sandler, Todd; Shimizu, Hirofumi. "A Multi-Transition Approach to Evaluating Peacekeeping Effectiveness," KYKLOS, vol. 73, no. 4 (2020): 543-567, DOI: 10.1111/kykl.12250. 

Kim, Wukki; Sandler, Todd. "How Do Non-UN Peacekeepers Affect Civilian Violence? An Instrument Investigation," International Peacekeeping, vol. 29, no. 5 (2022), 780-803, DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2022.2134858.

Kim, Wukki; Sandler, Todd. "Non-UN Peacekeeping Effectiveness: Further Analysis," Defence and Peace Economics, vol. 33, no. 5 (2022), 511-533, DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2021.1882280.

Kirschner Shanna; Miller, Adam. "Does Peacekeeping Really Bring Peace? Peacekeepers and Combatant-perpetrated Sexual Violence in Civil Wars," The Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 63, no. 9 (2019): 2043-2070, DOI: 10.1177/0022002719831069.

Kjeksrud, Stian; Ravndal, Jacob Aasland. "Emerging lessons from the United Nations mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo: military contributions to the protection of civilians," African Security Review, vol. 20, no. 2 (2011): 16-3, DOI: 10.1080/10246029.2011.594298.

Koko, Sadiki. "MONUC and the quest for peace in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Assessment of a peacekeeping mission," African Security Review, vol. 20, no. 2 (2011): 29-41, DOI: 10.1080/10246029.2011.594300.

Krahmann, Elke; Leander, Anna. "Contracting Security: Markets in the Making of MONUSCO Peacekeeping," International Peacekeeping, vol. 26, no. 2 (2019): 165-189, DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2018.1557051.

Kreps, Sarah E. "Why does Peacekeeping Succeed or Fail? Peacekeeping in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Sierra Leone" in Modern War and the Utility of Force, edited by Jan Angstrom and Isabelle Duyvesteyn, Routledge, 2010.

Kreps, Sarah; Wallace, Geoffrey. “Just How Humanitarian are Interventions? Peacekeeping and the Prevention of Civilian Killings during and after Civil Wars,” APSA 2009 Toronto Meeting Paper, 2009, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1450574. 

Kreutz, Joakim. "How and when armed conflicts end: Introducing the UCDP Conflict Termination dataset," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 47, no. 2 (2010): 243-250, DOI: 10.1177/0022343309353108.

Kruglova, Anna. "‘Does peacekeeping deter terrorism?’," Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, vol. 14, no. 1 (2021), 50-71, DOI: 10.1080/17467586.2020.1821070.

Levine, Daniel H. Civil Protection and the Image of the ‘Total Spoiler:’ Reflections on MONUC Support to Kimia II, Center for International & Security Studies, U. Maryland, 2010, https://cissm.umd.edu/research-impact/publications/civil-protection-and-image-total-spoiler-reflections-monuc-support. 

Lloyd, Gabriella. "New Data on UN Mission Mandates 1948–2015: Tasks Assigned to Missions in their Mandates (TAMM)," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 58, no. 5 (2021), 1149-1160, DOI: 10.1177/0022343320980822.

Lundgren, Magnus. "Which type of international organizations can settle civil wars?," The Review of International Organizations, vol. 12 (2017): 613-641, DOI: 10.1007/s11558-016-9253-0.

Lyon, Alynna J. "International Influences on the Mobilisation of Violence in Kosovo and Macedonia," Journal of International Relations and Development, vol. 5, no. 3 (2002): 275-294, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292877437_International_influences_on_the_mobilisation_of_violence_in_Kosovo_and_Macedonia. 

Malan, Mark; Hunt, Charles T. Between a rock and a hard place: The UN and the protection of civilians in South Sudan, Institute for Security Studies, 2014, https://issafrica.org/research/papers/between-a-rock-and-a-hard-place-the-un-and-the-protection-of-civilians-in-south-sudan.   Matanock, Aila M.; Lichtenheld, Adam. "How Does International Intervention Work to Secure Peace Settlements After Civil Conflicts?," British Journal of Political Science, vol. 52, no. 4 (2022), 1810-1830, DOI: 10.1017/S0007123421000491.

Melander, Erik. "Selected To Go Where Murderers Lurk?: The Preventive Effect of Peacekeeping on Mass Killings of Civilians," Conflict Management and Peace Science, vol. 26, no. 4 (2009): 389-406, DOI: 10.1177/0738894209106482.

Metternich, Nils W. "Expecting Elections: Interventions, Ethnic Support, and the Duration of Civil Wars," Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 55, no. 6 (2011): 909-937, DOI: 10.1177/0022002711408015.

Mross, Karina; Fiedler, Charlotte; Grävingholt, Jörn. "Identifying Pathways to Peace: How International Support Can Help Prevent Conflict Recurrence," _International Studies Quarterl_y, vol. 66, no. 1 (2021), DOI: 10.1093/isq/sqab091. 

Müller, Tanja R.; Bashar, Zuhair. "’UNAMID Is Just Like Clouds in Summer, They Never Rain’: Local Perceptions of Conflict and the Effectiveness of UN Peacekeeping Missions," International Peacekeeping, vol. 24, no. 5 (2017): 756-779, DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2017.1383564.

Murdie, Amanda; Davis, David R. "Problematic Potential: The Human Rights Consequences of Peacekeeping Interventions in Civil Wars," Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 32, no. 1 (2010): 49-72, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40390002. 

Mwangi, Oscar Gakuo. "State collapse, peace enforcement and the responsibility to protect in Somalia," The International Journal of Human Rights, vol. 19, no. 8 (2015): 1227-1239, DOI: 10.1080/13642987.2015.1082837.

Narang, Neil; Liu, Yanjun. "Does female ratio balancing influence the efficacy of peacekeeping units? Exploring the impact of female peacekeepers on post-conflict outcomes and behavior," International Interactions, vol. 48, no. 2 (2022), 173-203, DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2022.1995729.

Nomikos, William G.; Şener, İpek Ece; Williams, Rob W. "Does UN Peacekeeping Protect Civilians? Evidence from the Border between Burkina Faso and Mali," 2021, https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/5jmq. 

Nomikos, William G. "Peace is in the Eye of the Beholder: How Perceptions of Impartiality Shape Peacekeeping Outcomes,” 2021, https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/q5snx. 

Novosseloff, Dr. Alexandra. Assessing the Effectiveness of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) and The Office of the Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on Cyprus (OSASG), Norwegian Institute of International Affairs, 2021, https://effectivepeaceops.net/publication/assessing-effectiveness-of-unficyp-and-osasg/. 

Ohmura, Hirotaka. "Termination and Recurrence of Civil War: Which Outcomes Lead to Durable Peace after Civil War?," Japanese Journal of Political Science, vol. 12, no. 3 (2011): 375-398, DOI: 10.1017/S146810991100017X.

Palik, Júlia. "Watchdogs of Pause: The Challenges of Ceasefire Monitoring in Yemen," International Peacekeeping, vol. 28, no. 3 (2021), 444-469, DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2021.1918004. 

Peceny, Mark; Stanley, William. "Liberal Social Reconstruction and the Resolution of Civil Wars in Central America," International Organization, vol. 55, no. 1 (2001): 149-182, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/liberal-social-reconstruction-and-the-resolution-of-civil-wars-in-central-america/C1CA56C894F353532DDBCCBE1A758349. 

Phayal, Anup; Prins, Brandon C. "Deploying to Protect: The Effect of Military Peacekeeping Deployments on Violence Against Civilians," International Peacekeeping, vol. 27, no. 2 (2020): 311-336, DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2019.1660166.

Phayal, Anup. "UN Troop Deployment and Preventing Violence Against Civilians in Darfur," International Interactions, vol. 45, no. 5 (2019): 757-780, DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2019.1593161.

Pushkina, Darya; Siewert, Markus B.; Wolff, Stefan. "Mission (im)possible? UN military peacekeeping operations in civil wars," European Journal of International Relations, vol. 28, no. 1 (2022), 158-186, DOI: 10.1177/13540661211046602. 

Pushkina, Darya. "A recipe for success? Ingredients of a successful peacekeeping mission," International Peacekeeping, vol. 13, no. 2 (2006): 133-149, DOI: 10.1080/13533310500436508.

Pushkina, Darya. "Towards Successful Peace-keeping: Remembering Croatia," Cooperation & Conflict, vol. 39, no. 4 (2004): 393-414, DOI: 10.1177/0010836704047581. 

Quinn, Michael, J.; Mason, T David; Gurses, Mehmet. "Sustaining the Peace: Determinants of Civil War Recurrence," International Interactions, vol. 33, no. 2 (2007): 167-193, DOI: 10.1080/03050620701277673.

Rapp, Kyle. "Protection from Tragedy: Developing Effective and Legitimate Safe Zones after the Tragedy of Srebrenica," International Social Science Review, vol. 91, no. 2 (2016): 1-35, https://digitalcommons.northgeorgia.edu/issr/vol91/iss2/3/. 

Reeder, Bryce W; Hendricks, Michael; Goldring, Edward. "All Peacekeeping is Local: Measuring Subnational Variation in Peacekeeping Effectiveness," International Studies Quarterly, vol. 66, no. 2 (2022), DOI: 10.1093/isq/sqac010.

Roberts, Anna. "’Soldiering on in Hope’: United Nations Peacekeeping in Civil Wars," NYU Journal of International Law and Politics, vol. 35 (2003): 839-891, https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/faculty/596/. 

Ruggeri, Andrea; Dorussen, Han; Gizelis, Theodora-Ismene. "Winning the Peace Locally: UN Peacekeeping and Local Conflict," International Organization, vol. 71, no. 1 (2017): 163-185, DOI: 10.1017/S0020818316000333.

Russo, Jenna. "Militarised peacekeeping: lessons from the Democratic Republic of the Congo," Third World Quarterly, vol. 42, no. 12 (2021), 3070-3086, DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2021.1992272.

Russo, Jenna. UN Peacekeeping and Protection of Civilians from Sexual and Gender-Based Violence, International Peace Institute, 2022, https://www.ipinst.org/2022/05/un-peacekeeping-and-protection-of-civilians-from-sexual-and-gender-based-violence. 

Sambanis, Nicholas.“ Short-term and long-term effects of United Nations peace operations,” Policy Research Working Paper, no. 4207, World Bank, 2007, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/7017. 

Sauter, Melanie. "A Shrinking Humanitarian Space: Peacekeeping Stabilization Projects and Violence in Mali," International Peacekeeping, vol. 29, no. 4 (2022), 624-649, DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2022.2089875.

Šimunović, Pjerxs. "A framework for success: Contextual factors in the UNTAES operation in Eastern Slavonia," International Peacekeeping, vol. 6, no. 1 (1999): 126-142, DOI: 10.1080/13533319908413760.

Smidt, Hannah M. "United Nations Peacekeeping Locally: Enabling Conflict Resolution, Reducing Communal Violence," Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 64, no. 2-3 (2019): 344-372, DOI: 10.1177/0022002719859631. 

Smidt, Hannah. "Keeping electoral peace? Activities of United Nations peacekeeping operations and their effects on election-related violence," Conflict Management and Peace Science, (2020): 1-25, DOI: 10.1177/0738894220960041.

Smidt, Hannah. "Mitigating election violence locally: UN peacekeepers’ election-education campaigns in Côte d’Ivoire," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 57, no. 1 (2020): 199-216, DOI: 10.1177/0022343319884993.

Terrie, Jim. "The use of force in UN peacekeeping: The experience of MONUC," African Security Studies, vol. 18, no. 1 (2009): 21-34, DOI: 10.1080/10246029.2009.9627512. 

Tripodi, Paolo. "Operation Alba: A Necessary and Successful Preventive Deployment," International Peacekeeping, vol. 9, no. 4 (2002): 89-104, DOI: g/10.1080/714002777.

Tull, Denis M. "Peacekeeping in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Waging Peace and Fighting War," International Peacekeeping, vol. 16, no. 2 (2009): 215-230, DOI: 10.1080/13533310802685729. 

United Nations General Assembly. Evaluation of the implementation and results of protection of civilians mandates in United Nations peacekeeping operations, 2014, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/767929. 

Whalan, Jeni. "Evaluating Peace Operations: The Case of Cambodia," Journal of International Peacekeeping, vol. 16 (2012): 226-251, DOI: 10.1163/18754112-1604003.

White, Nigel D. "Empowering Peace Operations to Protect Civilians: Form over Substance?," Journal of International Peacekeeping, vol. 13, no. 3-4 (2009): 327-355, DOI: 10.1163/187541009X12463418050731.

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