Prosecutions

We included the following 68 research reports in our review:

Agbonifo, John. "Nonstate Armed Groups, Leadership, and Sanctions Effectiveness," African Security, vol. 14, no. 1 (2021), 27-54, DOI: 10.1080/19392206.2021.1904536.

Akhavan, Payam. "Are International Criminal Tribunals a Disincentive to Peace?: Reconciling Judicial Romanticism with Political Realism," Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 31, no. 3 (2009): 624-654, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40389962. 

Akhavan, Payam. "Beyond Impunity: Can International Criminal Justice Prevent Future Atrocities?," The American Journal of International Law, vol. 95, no. 1 (2001): 31-7, DOI: 10.2307/2642034.

Akhavan, Payam. "Justice in the Hague, Peace in the Former Yugoslavia? A Commentary on the United Nations War Crimes Tribunal," Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 4 (1998): 737-816, https://www.jstor.org/stable/762789. 

Allan, Kate. "Prosecution and Peace: A Role for Amnesty before the ICC," Denver Journal of International Law & Policy, vol. 39, no. 2 (2011): 239-301, https://digitalcommons.du.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1178&context=djilp. 

Almuslem, Abdulaziz G. "Post Conflict Justice, Peacekeeping, and Civil Conflict Recurrence," International Peacekeeping, vol. 27, no. 3 (2020): 467-509, DOI: 10.1080/13533312.2020.1744440.

Asaala, Evelyne. "The Deterrence Effect of the International Criminal Court: A Kenyan Perspective" in Schense, Jennifer; Carter, Linda, ed., Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: The Deterrent Effect of International Criminal Tribunals, Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, 2017.

Bangura, Ibrahim. Leaving Behind the Worst of the Past: Transitional Justice and Prevention in Sierra Leone, International Center for Transitional Justice, 2021, https://www.ictj.org/publication/leaving-behind-worst-past-transitional-justice-and-prevention-sierra-leone. 

Baroni, Franca. "The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and Its Mission to Restore Peace," Pace International Law Review, vol. 12, no. 2 (2000): 233-252, https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilr/vol12/iss2/2/. 

Barria, Lilian A.; Roper, Steven D. "How effective are international criminal tribunals? An analysis of the ICTY and the ICTR," The International Journal of Human Rights, vol. 9, no. 3 (2005): 349-368, DOI: 10.1080/13642980500170782.

Binningsbø, Helga Malmin; Nordås, Ragnhild. "Conflict-Related Sexual Violence and the Perils of Impunity," Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 66, no. 6 (2022), 1066-1090, DOI: 10.1177/00220027221078330. 

Bocchese, Marco. "Coercing Compliance with the ICC: Empirical Assessment and Theoretical Implications," Michigan State International Law Review, vol. 24, no. 2 (2016): 357-432, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2607099. 

Broache, Michael. "International prosecutions and atrocities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: A case study of the FDLR," The Journal of the Middle East and Africa, vol. 7, no. 1 (2016): 19-38, DOI: 10.1080/21520844.2016.1148534.

Broache, Michael. "Irrelevance, Instigation and Prevention: The Mixed Effects of International Criminal Court Prosecutions on Atrocities in the CNDP/M23 Case," International Journal of Transitional Justice, vol. 10 (2016): 388-409, DOI: 10.1093/ijtj/ijw020.

Bucaj, Dafina. "Difficulties in Achieving Deterrence by International Criminal Tribunals: The Example of the International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia in Kosovo" in Schense, Jennifer; Carter, Linda, ed., Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: The Deterrent Effect of International Criminal Tribunals, Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, 2017.

Bueno, Olivia. "Deterrence in Sudan: The Limits of a Lonely Court" in Schense, Jennifer; Carter, Linda, ed., Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: The Deterrent Effect of International Criminal Tribunals, Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, 2017.

Castillo, Pablo. “Rethinking Deterrence: The International Criminal Court In Sudan,” UNISCI Discussion Papers, no. 13, 2007, https://www.ucm.es/data/cont/media/www/pag-72528/Castillo13.pdf. 

Cavallaro, James L.; O'Connell, Jamie. "When Prosecution is Not Enough: How the International Criminal Court Can Prevent Atrocity and Advance Accountability by Emulating Regional Human Rights Institutions," The Yale Journal of International Law, vol. 45, no. 1 (2020): 1-67, https://law.stanford.edu/publications/when-prosecution-is-not-enough-how-the-international-criminal-court-can-prevent-atrocity-and-advance-accountability-by-emulating-regional-human-rights-institutions/. 

Clark, Janine Natalya. "Judging the ICTY: has it achieved its objectives?," Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, vol. 9, no. 1-2 (2009): 123-142, DOI: 10.1080/146838509027234543.

Corradetti, Claudio. "The Priority of Conflict Deterrence and the Role of the International Criminal Court in Kenya’s Post-Electoral Violence 2007-2008 and 2013," Human Rights Review, vol. 16, no. 3 (2015): 257-272, DOI: 10.1007/s12142-015-0373-3.

Dancy, Geoff; Montal, Florencia. "From Law Versus Politics To Law In Politics: A Pragmatist Assessment Of The ICC's Impact," American University International Law Review, vol. 32, no. 3 (2017): 645-705, https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1920&context=auilr. 

Dancy, Geoff; Wiebelhaus-Brahm, Eric. "The impact of criminal prosecutions during intrastate conflict," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 55, no. 1 (2018): 47-61, DOI: 10.1177/0022343317732614. 

Dancy, Geoff; Wiebelhaus-Brahm, Eric. “Trials of Peace: Post-Conflict Criminal Prosecutions and Conflict Recurrence,” 2019, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3320577. 

Dancy, Geoff. "Searching for Deterrence at the International Criminal Court," International Criminal Law Review, vol. 17 (2017): 625-655, DOI: 10.1163/15718123-01704004.

Daniels, Lesley-Ann. "The International Criminal Court and the Rebels’ Commitment Problem," Civil Wars, vol. 20, no. 4 (2018): 455-476, DOI: 10.1080/13698249.2018.1553021.

Diaz, Pablo Castillo. "The ICC in Northern Uganda: Peace First, Justice Later," 2 Eyes on the ICC, vol. 17 (2005): 17-32, https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/eyesicc2&div=4&id=&page=. 

Doumbia, Seydou. "The Deterrence Effect of the International Criminal Court in Mali After the 2012 Crisis" in Schense, Jennifer; Carter, Linda, ed., Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: The Deterrent Effect of International Criminal Tribunals, Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, 2017.

Dutton, Yvonne M.; Alleblas, Tessa. "Unpacking the Deterrent Effect of the International Criminal Court: Lessons From Kenya," St. John's Law Review, vol. 91, no. 1 (2017): 105-176, https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6787&context=lawreview. 

Duursma, Allard. "Pursuing justice, obstructing peace: the impact of ICC arrest warrants on resolving civil wars," Conflict, Security & Development, vol. 20, no. 3 (2020): 335-354, DOI: 10.1080/14678802.2020.1741934.

Dworkin, Anthony. International justice and the prevention of atrocity, European Council on Foreign Relations, 2014, https://ecfr.eu/wp-content/uploads/ECFR115_International_Justice_Report.pdf. 

Frencken, Niki; Sluiter, Goran. "The United Nations Criminal Tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda" in Zyberi, Gentian, ed., An Institutional Approach to the Responsibility to Protect, Cambridge University Press, 2013.

Geis, Jacqueline; Mundt, Alex. When to Indict? The Impact of Timing Of International Criminal Indictments on Peace Processes and Humanitarian Action, The Brookings Institution-University of Bern Project on Internal Displacement, 2009, https://www.brookings.edu/research/when-to-indict-international-criminal-indictments-peace-processes-humanitarian-action/. 

Hillebrecht, Courtney. "The Deterrent Effects of the International Criminal Court: Evidence from Libya," International Interactions, vol. 42, no. 4 (2016): 616-643, DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2016.1185713.

Hodgson, Natalie. "Exploring the International Criminal Court’s Deterrent Potential," Journal of International Criminal Justice (2020): 1-35, DOI: 10.1093/jicj/mqaa005.

Ingabire, Mackline. "Exploring the Boundaries of the Deterrence Effect of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda" in Schense, Jennifer; Carter, Linda, ed., Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: The Deterrent Effect of International Criminal Tribunals, Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, 2017.

Jo, Hyeran; Simmons, Beth A. "Can the International Criminal Court Deter Atrocity?," International Organization, vol. 70, no. 3 (2016): 443-475, DOI: 10.1017/S0020818316000114. 

Kerr, Rachel. "Peace through Justice? The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia," Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, vol. 7, no. 3 (2007): 373-385, DOI: 10.1080/14683850701565973.

Kersten, Mark. "Targeting justice: targets, non-targets and the prospects for peace with justice," Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, vol. 23, no. 3 (2017): 246-259, DOI: 10.1080/11926422.2017.1358195.

Kihika, Kasande Sarah. "Evaluating the Deterrent Effect of the International Criminal Court in Uganda" in Schense, Jennifer; Carter, Linda, ed., Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: The Deterrent Effect of International Criminal Tribunals, Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, 2017.

Kim, Hunjoon; Sikkink, Kathryn. "Explaining the Deterrence Effect of Human Rights Prosecutions for Transitional Countries," International Studies Quarterly, vol. 54, no. 4 (2010): 939-963, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40931149.

Kitagawa, Risa; Bell, Sam R. "The Logic of Transitional Justice and State Repression: The Effects of Human Rights Prosecutions in Post-Conflict States," Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol. 66, no. 6 (2022), 1091-1118, DOI: 10.1177/00220027211066616.

Ku, Julian; Nzelibe, Jide. "Do International Criminal Tribunals Deter or Exacerbate Humanitarian Atrocities?," Washington University Law Review, vol. 84, no. 4 (2006): 777-833, DOI: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol84/iss4/1/#:~:text=Abstract,in%20deterring%20future%20humanitarian%20atrocities.

Lazic, Sladjana. "Serbia and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: Deterrence through Coercive Compliance" in Schense, Jennifer; Carter, Linda, ed., Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: The Deterrent Effect of International Criminal Tribunals, Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, 2017.

Lie, Tove Grete; Binningsbø, Helga Malmin; Gates, Scott. “Post-Conflict Justice and Sustainable Peace,” Policy Research Working Paper, no. 4191, World Bank, 2007, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/7007.

Loyle, Cyanne E.; Appel, Benjamin J. "Conflict Recurrence and Postconflict Justice: Addressing Motivations and Opportunities for Sustainable Peace," International Studies Quarterly, vol. 61 (2017): 690-703, DOI: 10.1093/isq/sqx045.

Malu, Linus Nnabuike. "The International Criminal Court and Conflict Prevention: Reflections on the Impact of the Court on Deterrence in Kenya," International Journal of Peace Studies, vol. 21, no. 2 (2016): 25-39, https://www3.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol21_2/Malu%20FINAL.pdf?gmuw-rd=sm&gmuw-rdm=h.

Malu, Linus Nnabuike. "The International Criminal Court and the Complex Road to Peace in Côte d’Ivoire," International Criminal Law Review, vol. 16, no. 5 (2016): 826-855, DOI: 10.1163/15718123-01605004.

Malu, Linus Nnabuike. The International Criminal Court and conflict transformation in Uganda, Accord, 2015, https://www.accord.org.za/ajcr-issues/the-international-criminal-court-and-conflict-transformation-in-uganda/. 

McAllister, Jacqueline. "Deterring Wartime Atrocities: Hard Lessons from the Yugoslav Tribunal," International Security, vol. 44, no. 3 (2020): 84-128, DOI: 10.1162/ISEC_a_ 00370.

McAllister, Jacqueline; Meernik, James. “Casting a Shadow Over War Zones: The International Criminal Court’s Impact on Rebel and Government Forces’ Use of Violence Against Civilians,” 2016, http://web.isanet.org/Web/Conferences/CEEISA-ISA-LBJ2016/Archive/a7a5720e-fe27-48a6-8144-b816c183957d.pdf.

Meernik, James D.; Nichols, Angela; King, Kimi L. "The Impact of International Tribunals and Domestic Trials on Peace and Human Rights After Civil War," International Studies Perspectives, no. 11 (2010): 309-334, DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-3585.2010.00414.x.

Meernik, James. "Justice and Peace? How the International Criminal Tribunal Affects Societal Peace in Bosnia," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 42, no. 3 (2005): 271-289, DOI: 10.1177/0022343305052012.

Miller, Andrew Cesare. "Without an army: How ICC indictments reduce atrocities," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 60, no. 4 (2022), 573-587, DOI: 10.1177/00223433221088692.

Miller, Andrew Cesare. “Plea Bargains for Peace? The Prospects of the International Criminal Court Reducing Atrocities through Negotiated Settlements,” MIT Political Science Department Research Paper, no. 2019-20, 2019, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3448707. 

Müller Tanja R.; Duursma, Allard. "The ICC indictment against Al-Bashir and its repercussions for peacekeeping and humanitarian operations in Darfur," Third World Quarterly, vol. 40, no. 5 (2019): 890-907, DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2019.1579640.

Neu, Joyce. "Pursuing Justice in the Midst of War: The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia," Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, vol. 5, no. 1 (2012): 72-95, DOI: 10.34891/d7d4-8597.

Prorok, Alyssa K. "The (In)compatibility of Peace and Justice? The International Criminal Court and Civil Conflict Termination," International Organization, vol. 71, no. 2 (2017): 213-243, DOI: 10.1017/S0020818317000078. 

Rodman, Kenneth A. "Darfur and the Limits of Legal Deterrence," Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 3 (2008): 529-560, DOI: 10.1353/hrq.0.0012. 

Rodman, Kenneth A. "Is Peace in the Interests of Justice? The Case for Broad Prosecutorial Discretion at the International Criminal Court," Leiden Journal of International Law, vol. 22, no. 1 (2009): 99-126, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231944593_Is_Peace_in_the_Interests_of_Justice_The_Case_for_Broad_Prosecutorial_Discretion_at_the_International_Criminal_Court. 

Sikkink, Kathryn; Kim, Hun Joon. "The Justice Cascade: The Origins and Effectiveness of Prosecutions of Human Rights Violations," Annual Review of Law and Social Science, vol. 9, no. 1 (2013): 269-285, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102612-133956. 

Sikkink, Kathryn; Walling, Carrie Booth. "The Impact of Human Rights Trials in Latin America," Journal of Peace Research, vol. 44, no. 4 (2007): 427-445, DOI: 10.1177/0022343307078953.

Snyder, Jack; Vinjamuri, Leslie. "Trials and Errors: Principle and Pragmatism in Strategies of International Justice," International Security, vol. 28, no. 3 (2003): 5-44, DOI: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4137476. 

Somé, Kounkinè Augustin. "The Deterrence Effect of the International Criminal Court in Côte d’Ivoire" in Schense, Jennifer; Carter, Linda, ed., Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: The Deterrent Effect of International Criminal Tribunals, Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, 2017.

Stefan, Cristina G. "Lessons in Atrocity Prevention: A Closer Look at Guinea," Journal of International Peacekeeping, vol. 24, no. 3-4 (2021), 367-401, DOI: 10.1163/18754112-24030005.

Steinert, Christoph V. "Trial fairness before impact: Tracing the link between post-conflict trials and peace stability," International Interactions, vol. 45, no. 6 (2019): 1003-1031, DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2019.1657114.

Tanner, Samuel. "The mass crimes in the former Yugoslavia: participation, punishment and prevention?," International Review of the Red Cross, vol. 90, no. 870 (2008): 273-287, DOI: 10.1017/S1816383108000295.

Thompson, Eleanor. "Can an International Criminal Tribunal with a Limited Mandate Deter Atrocities? Lessons from the Special Court for Sierra Leone" in Schense, Jennifer; Carter, Linda, ed., Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: The Deterrent Effect of International Criminal Tribunals, Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, 2017.

Vinjamuri, Leslie. Case Study: Justice, Peace and Deterrence in the former Yugoslavia, European Council on Foreign Relations, 2013, https://ecfr.eu/archive/page/-/IJP_BosniaHerzegovina.pdf.